Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th President of the United States from 1877 to 1881, led a presidency defined by his commitment to civil service reform and promoting equal rights for African Americans. Despite facing a divided country still grappling with the aftermath of the Civil War, Hayes implemented policies that aimed to heal the nation and ensure a fair and just society for all. This article explores the life, achievements, and success philosophies of Rutherford B. Hayes, shedding light on the important legacy he left behind as a leader in America’s history.
Early Life and Education
Birth and Family Background
Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born on October 4, 1822, in Delaware, Ohio. He was the youngest of five children born to Sophia Birchard Hayes and Rutherford Hayes Sr. His father was a farmer and a store owner, while his mother was a deeply religious and well-educated woman. The family had deep roots in Vermont, with ancestors who had fought in the American Revolutionary War.
Education and Career Beginnings
Hayes received his early education at home, taught by his mother and older sister Fanny. He developed a love for learning and showed great promise from a young age. At the age of fourteen, he attended the Norwalk Seminary in Norwalk, Ohio, further nurturing his intellectual curiosity. In 1838, he enrolled at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, where he excelled academically and demonstrated leadership skills.
After graduating from Kenyon College in 1842, Hayes embarked on a career in the legal field. He attended Harvard Law School, graduating in 1845. Hayes then returned to Ohio and established a successful law practice in Cincinnati. A dedicated and hardworking lawyer, Hayes quickly gained a reputation for his integrity and fairness, earning the respect of his peers and clients.
Military Service
Civil War Participation
When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Hayes felt a strong sense of duty and enlisted in the Union Army. He served with distinction and bravery, rising through the ranks to the rank of brigadier general. Hayes participated in several significant battles, including the battles of Kernstown, Cedar Mountain, and Antietam. He displayed leadership skills and was known for being calm and composed under pressure. Hayes’ military service played a crucial role in shaping his character and leadership abilities, preparing him for the challenges he would later face as President.
Promotions and Assignments
Due to his military prowess, Hayes caught the attention of his superiors and received several promotions throughout the war. In 1864, he was appointed major general of volunteers and commanded a division during the Shenandoah Valley Campaign. Hayes’ leadership and strategic abilities earned him the respect and admiration of his troops and fellow officers. His military career and service to the Union would serve as a testament to his dedication and commitment to the country.
Political Career Before the Presidency
Law Practice
After the end of the Civil War, Hayes returned to his law practice in Cincinnati, where he resumed his successful legal career. Throughout his practice, he remained committed to his principles of fairness and justice, advocating for the rights of individuals and fighting against corruption. Hayes’ reputation as an honorable lawyer further solidified his position as a respected figure in the community.
Congressional Service
Hayes’ political career began in 1864 when he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Republican. He served two terms, from 1865 to 1867, and his time in Congress was characterized by his advocacy for civil rights and veterans’ rights. Hayes was an ardent supporter of the Reconstruction policies aimed at rebuilding the South and securing equal rights for African Americans. He firmly believed in the principles of equality and social justice, and his dedication to these values guided his political actions.
Governor of Ohio
In 1867, Hayes was elected as the Governor of Ohio, beginning a three-term tenure that lasted from 1868 to 1872. As governor, Hayes focused on improving the state’s infrastructure, advocating for education reform, and implementing progressive policies. He championed women’s rights, appointing the first female state librarian and supporting legislation granting women the right to control their property. Hayes’ successful tenure as governor solidified his reputation as an effective leader, paving the way for his future political ambitions.
Election and Inauguration
Campaign for the Presidency
In 1876, Hayes became the Republican presidential nominee, facing off against Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. The election was highly contentious and marked by controversy, with allegations of voter fraud and disputed electoral votes. However, Hayes remained undeterred and campaigned on a platform centered around civil service reform, economic policies, and national unity. Despite the challenges, Hayes emerged victorious, winning the presidency by a slender margin.
Inaugural Address
On March 5, 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes was inaugurated as the 19th President of the United States. In his inaugural address, Hayes emphasized the need for unity and healing in a divided nation. He called for an end to sectionalism and urged Americans to move forward together. Hayes highlighted his commitment to civil service reform, emphasizing the importance of appointing qualified individuals based on merit rather than political connections. His speech set the tone for his presidency, rooted in the principles of honesty, integrity, and progress.
Reconstruction Policies
Support for Civil Rights
One of the defining aspects of Hayes’ presidency was his dedication to civil rights and the enforcement of equal protection under the law. He firmly believed in the rights of African Americans and actively supported policies aimed at protecting their rights and advancing racial equality. Hayes fought against discrimination and appointed African Americans to key positions within his administration, setting a precedent for future presidents. He pushed for legislation to prevent racial discrimination in public facilities and advocated for equal voting rights.
Southern Reaction
Hayes’ support for civil rights faced significant opposition from Southern Democrats who were eager to reestablish white supremacy in the South. Despite the progress made during Reconstruction, Hayes faced resistance from Southern politicians and civilians who sought to undermine the rights of African Americans. Hayes’ commitment to upholding the principles of the Constitution and protecting the rights of all citizens required him to strategically navigate the complex political landscape of the era.
End of Reconstruction
As Hayes endeavored to uphold the rights of African Americans, he faced mounting pressure to withdraw federal troops from the Southern states, effectively ending Reconstruction. After numerous negotiations and compromises, Hayes made the difficult decision to withdraw the remaining federal forces, marking the end of the era. While this decision disappointed many civil rights activists, Hayes believed it would pave the way for greater autonomy and progress within the Southern states. Despite the controversy surrounding the end of Reconstruction, Hayes’ commitment to civil rights laid a foundation for future advancements in racial equality.
Domestic Affairs
Economic Policies
Hayes implemented several economic policies aimed at bolstering the nation’s economy and promoting fair business practices. He advocated for a moderate approach to economic regulation, favoring policies that protected consumer interests while still allowing for free-market competition. Hayes sought to curb corruption in government and pushed for the prosecution of officials involved in fraudulent business practices. Under his administration, efforts were made to regulate monopolies and create a more level playing field for businesses, fostering economic growth and stability.
Civil Service Reform
Hayes recognized the need for comprehensive civil service reform in order to combat corruption and ensure a merit-based system of appointments. He believed in hiring individuals based on their qualifications and expertise rather than political favoritism. To this end, Hayes established the Civil Service Commission, responsible for overseeing the appointment and promotion of government employees based on merit. This marked a significant step towards depoliticizing the civil service and introduced a fairer and more transparent system.
Education Initiatives
During his presidency, Hayes prioritized education and its importance in fostering an informed and productive citizenry. He advocated for increased funding for public education, believing that access to quality education should be universal. Hayes also urged the establishment of teacher training programs to elevate the quality of instruction across the nation. His commitment to education as a tool for social progress and economic prosperity laid the groundwork for future educational reforms.
Foreign Affairs
Relations with China
Hayes’ presidency coincided with a time of increased American involvement in global affairs and expanding trade opportunities. Under his administration, the United States sought to strengthen diplomatic ties with China. Hayes negotiated the Burlingame Treaty of 1868, which established formal diplomatic relations between the two nations and facilitated increased trade. This marked the beginning of a fruitful relationship between the United States and China, setting the stage for future diplomatic exchanges and economic partnerships.
Expansionism in Latin America
Hayes also pursued a policy of expansionism in Latin America, seeking to expand American influence in the region. His administration supported efforts to build the Panama Canal, recognizing its strategic importance in facilitating trade and military operations. Hayes’ commitment to expanding American presence in Latin America set the stage for future U.S. involvement in the region, shaping the course of international relations for years to come.
Relations with Europe
Hayes sought to foster positive relations with European nations, focusing on diplomatic negotiations and fair trade practices. He worked to resolve outstanding disputes with Great Britain regarding fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland and successfully negotiated a favorable settlement. Hayes’ emphasis on diplomacy and fair trade laid the foundation for improved relations with European powers, setting a precedent for future presidents.
Controversies and Scandals
Railroad Strike of 1877
One of the major challenges faced by Hayes during his presidency was the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. The strike, which began as a labor dispute over wage cuts, quickly escalated into a nationwide protest against the economic inequalities faced by workers. The strike disrupted transportation and commerce across the country, leading to violence and property damage. Hayes faced immense pressure to intervene, eventually mobilizing federal troops to restore order. While his response was met with criticism from both labor unions and business interests, Hayes believed that maintaining law and order was crucial for the stability of the nation.
Corruption in Government Contracts
Hayes faced allegations of corruption and kickbacks within his administration, particularly in relation to government contracts. Despite his commitment to combat corruption, some individuals within his administration engaged in fraudulent practices, tarnishing the reputation of his presidency. Hayes took swift action to investigate and address these allegations, dismissing those involved and advocating for increased transparency in government contracts. While these incidents were unfortunate, Hayes’ actions demonstrated a commitment to upholding ethical standards in government.
Naval Academy Scandal
Another controversy that marred Hayes’ presidency was the Naval Academy scandal. It was discovered that several midshipmen had cheated on their exams, compromising the integrity of the institution. Hayes responded decisively, ordering a thorough investigation and implementing reforms within the Naval Academy to prevent future incidents. His handling of the scandal demonstrated his commitment to maintaining the highest standards of ethics and accountability within government institutions.
Legacy and Post-Presidential Life
Retirement in Ohio
After the end of his presidency, Hayes retired to his beloved home, Spiegel Grove, in Fremont, Ohio. He cherished the tranquility of his estate and dedicated his time to his family and personal pursuits. Hayes remained connected to the community, often taking part in civic activities and speaking engagements. Despite his retirement from public office, Hayes continued to be a respected and admired figure, known for his integrity and dedication to public service.
Philanthropy and Causes
Throughout his life, Hayes remained committed to philanthropy and social causes. He actively supported educational initiatives and donated generously to various organizations. Hayes believed in the importance of giving back to society and sought to contribute to the betterment of his community and country. His philanthropic efforts left a lasting impact and set an example for future generations of leaders.
Death and Memorials
Rutherford B. Hayes passed away on January 17, 1893, at the age of 70. His death was met with widespread mourning and tributes from across the nation. Hayes was laid to rest in a beautiful tomb in Fremont, Ohio, where he rests alongside his beloved wife, Lucy Webb Hayes. The Hayes Presidential Center, located at Spiegel Grove, serves as a testament to his legacy, preserving his personal papers and artifacts for future generations to learn from and appreciate.
Historical Significance
First Election Disputed
The election of 1876, which brought Hayes to the presidency, was the first in American history to be hotly disputed. The controversy surrounding the electoral votes cast in various states led to a protracted debate and negotiations in Congress to determine the outcome. Ultimately, the Compromise of 1877 was reached, securing Hayes’ presidency but ending Reconstruction. The disputed election highlighted the fragility of American democracy and the importance of maintaining faith in the electoral process.
Resolving the Electoral Crisis
Hayes’ willingness to accept the Compromise of 1877 and withdraw federal troops from the South marked a critical turning point in American history. This decision effectively ended Reconstruction and ushered in an era of increased racial discrimination and segregation. While Hayes’ actions were met with criticism by some, he believed that pursuing a peaceful resolution was essential for the healing and reunification of the nation. The Compromise of 1877 set a precedent for future presidents facing contentious elections and highlighted the importance of compromise and unity.
Impact on Subsequent Presidents
Hayes’ commitment to civil rights and civil service reform laid the groundwork for future presidents to continue the fight for equal rights and merit-based appointments. His efforts to address corruption and promote fair business practices left a lasting impact on subsequent administrations. Hayes’ presidency marked a transition from the tumultuous years of Reconstruction to the beginning of a new era characterized by economic growth and the pursuit of social progress. His dedication to public service and adherence to ethical standards set an example for future leaders, shaping the course of American politics.