In this article, we will delve into the life and achievements of James A. Garfield, the 20th President of the United States. With a captivating story spanning from his birth in 1881, we will explore the remarkable journey of this influential figure. From his humble beginnings to his rise to political power, Garfield’s life is a testament to resilience and perseverance. Join us as we remember and celebrate the enduring legacy of James A. Garfield.
Early Life and Education
James A. Garfield, the twentieth President of the United States, was born on November 19, 1831, in a log cabin in Orange Township, Ohio. He was the last of five children born to Abram and Eliza Garfield. Unfortunately, his father died when he was only 18 months old, leaving his mother to raise the children on her own.
Despite their financial struggles, Eliza recognized the importance of education and made sure that James received a solid foundation in learning. He attended local schools and showed great promise from a young age. Garfield’s thirst for knowledge was insatiable, and he quickly advanced in his studies.
Garfield was a natural leader and excelled academically, earning a scholarship to the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (now known as Hiram College) in Hiram, Ohio. He pursued a liberal arts education and demonstrated exceptional abilities in mathematics and classical languages.
Military Career
Enlistment in the Union Army
When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Garfield was compelled to join the Union Army. He enlisted as a brigadier general and quickly rose through the ranks thanks to his intelligence, strategic thinking, and bravery on the battlefield. Garfield’s military career would shape his future and provide him with valuable leadership experience.
Service in the Civil War
Garfield actively participated in several major battles, including the Battle of Shiloh and the Battle of Chickamauga. He displayed exceptional leadership skills and was known for his calm under pressure. Garfield courageously led his troops into battle, earning the respect and admiration of his fellow soldiers.
Promotions and Achievements
Due to his outstanding service, Garfield was promoted to major general in January 1863. He played a crucial role in the Union victory during the Siege of Corinth, where his strategic planning helped secure a vital Confederate-held railroad junction.
Garfield’s military achievements and contributions were recognized, and he was granted a leave of absence to serve as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives. Little did he know that this would mark the beginning of his political career.
Political Career
Entry into Politics
Following his leave from the military, Garfield entered the world of politics. He had always possessed a passion for public service and believed in the power of government to effect positive change. Garfield’s strong convictions and natural charisma quickly made him a rising star within the Republican Party.
Election to the House of Representatives
In 1862, Garfield was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, representing Ohio’s 19th congressional district. He was a dedicated advocate for civil rights, supporting the abolition of slavery and fighting for equal rights for all citizens. Garfield’s eloquence and ability to bridge partisan divides earned him a reputation as a skilled and respected congressman.
Political Positions and Policies
Throughout his career in the House, Garfield championed various causes, including civil service reform, currency stabilization, and improving educational opportunities. He believed in the importance of education for all and played a pivotal role in shaping the future of public education in the United States.
Presidential Campaign and Election
Nomination and Campaign
Garfield’s impressive track record in Congress caught the attention of the Republican Party, leading to his nomination for the presidency in 1880. Despite initially supporting another candidate, Garfield embraced the opportunity and embarked on a spirited campaign across the country. His charisma, intellect, and reputation for integrity resonated with voters.
Election Results
The election of 1880 was highly contentious, with Garfield facing off against the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. In a close race, Garfield emerged victorious, securing the presidency by a margin of fewer than 10,000 popular votes.
Presidency
Inauguration and Early Days
On March 4, 1881, Garfield was inaugurated as the twentieth President of the United States. His inauguration speech emphasized the importance of unity and healing following the divisive Civil War. However, his presidency would be tragically cut short.
Domestic Policies
Garfield focused on issues such as civil service reform and tariffs. He believed in merit-based appointments and fought against corruption in government. Garfield advocated for a reduction in the federal deficit and supported legislation aimed at protecting the civil rights of African Americans.
Foreign Affairs
Although his presidency was brief, Garfield made significant advancements in foreign policy. He sought to expand American influence globally and fostered diplomatic relations with other nations. Garfield aimed to strengthen trade relations and improve international cooperation.
Assassination
Just four months into his presidency, tragedy struck. On July 2, 1881, President Garfield was shot twice by an assassin named Charles J. Guiteau. The wounds proved fatal, and Garfield fought for his life for over two months before succumbing to his injuries on September 19, 1881.
Legacy and Impact
Memorials and Monuments
In commemoration of President Garfield’s life and legacy, numerous memorials and monuments were established. The most notable is the James A. Garfield Memorial located in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio. This magnificent structure serves as a testament to Garfield’s contributions to the nation.
Historical Significance
Garfield’s presidency may have been brief, but his impact on American politics and society was profound. His dedication to civil rights, education, and honest government have shaped our nation’s history. Garfield’s tragic assassination raised awareness of the need for improved security for U.S. Presidents.
Assassination and Aftermath
Assassination Plot and Incident
Charles J. Guiteau, a disgruntled office seeker, targeted President Garfield due to his imagined grievances. Guiteau’s resentment culminated in the assassination attempt at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C. The incident shocked the nation and led to a renewed focus on the protection of the President.
Investigation and Trials
Following the assassination, Guiteau was quickly apprehended. He stood trial, claiming to be a patriot and arguing that his actions were necessary to save the Republic. The trial garnered significant public attention, but Guiteau’s defense was unsuccessful, and he was convicted and executed.
Public Reaction and Mourning
The news of President Garfield’s assassination sent shockwaves throughout the United States. The nation mourned the loss of a promising leader and a man of remarkable integrity. Thousands attended his funeral, paying their respects to a President who was taken too soon.
Personal Life and Family
Marriage and Children
In 1858, Garfield married Lucretia Rudolph, whom he had met while attending college. The couple had seven children together, five sons, and two daughters. Garfield cherished his family and found solace in their love and support throughout his career.
Hobbies and Interests
Garfield had many interests outside of politics and the military. He was an avid reader and enjoyed intellectual pursuits. Garfield was also passionate about art and liked to relax by painting. Additionally, he had a love for chess and played the game as a means of strategic and intellectual stimulation.
Scholarship and College
Education and Academic Excellence
Garfield’s love for education persisted throughout his life. He firmly believed that knowledge was the key to both personal and societal growth. Even during his presidency, he found time to lecture on topics ranging from history to mathematics.
Influence on Future Generations
Garfield’s commitment to education and scholarship left a lasting impact. His belief in equal access to education for all eventually led to the establishment of the U.S. Department of Education. Today, his legacy lives on through educational institutions named after him and scholarships granted to deserving students.
Final Resting Place
Burial Ceremony and Location
Following his tragic death, a grand burial ceremony was held for President Garfield. He was laid to rest in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio, beside his beloved wife, Lucretia. The solemn ceremony served as an opportunity for the nation to pay its final respects to a fallen leader.
Maintenance and Preservation
The James A. Garfield Memorial continues to be maintained and preserved to honor his memory. The monument stands as a symbol of Garfield’s enduring legacy and reminds future generations of the impact he had on American history.
James A. Garfield’s life, marked by accomplishments in the military, politics, and education, was tragically cut short, but his legacy lives on. He will always be remembered as a forward-thinking leader dedicated to the principles of equality, integrity, and progress.